In this extract from the upcoming NAFEMS publication, How to Model Structural Concrete using Finite Element Analysis, Carl Brookes looks at the material models most commonly used in modelling concrete.

There are numerous methods that have been developed to model concrete, and although many have been aimed at particular types of behaviour and loading, none has been universally accepted for all types of concrete analysis. Furthermore, there is very little linkage with design and assessment codes of practice. Therefore, the following sections describe the models that in the experience of the authors are most often used. Where possible, their use within codes of practice is highlighted.